composite porch swing

12 Structural Glass 8. Rear porch door. By offering grand entrances and sheltered landings with views of the surroundings, prominent porches became expected features of inns, hotels and resort spas, where they could serve as promenades, social gathering spots, and refuges for more private retreats. This provides opportunities for water to penetrate unprotected areas. 3. Next, apply a paintable water-repellant coating to all exposed wood surfaces, and apply a primer. Alternatively, it may be an included or engaged porch that is integrated with the actual structure of the house. You’re looking at one of the most impeccable legacy estates to hit the market in the Midwestern United States. Porches . In nearly all cases, this means that the material should be painted, or where historically appropriate, stained as with some porch ceilings. 45 Wooden Porches $533.99. A porch is an open sheltered part of a building, providing a covered entrance and, where larger, serving as an outdoor activity room. One-story columns and shafts are often more easily removed during this work, while taller columns are sometimes supported in place. Found inside – Page 305A small mulatto voman set in the porch swing , a alking stick across her lap . Her straight , ite heir was done in e prim coil low on the neck , and her ... Open joints and limited wood decay can be repaired using methods previously discussed. Alter or remove the porch and a historic building or streetscape can lose its visual integrity and historic authenticity (Figure 1). Materials that cannot be shaped to match the visual appearance of the historic pieces being replaced … Ships for free. An apron keeps animals out from under the porch, while at the same time allowing air to circulate, preventing unwanted moisture buildup. This means that potential cost savings over new wood tends to be more long term than immediate. The most common porch elements affected by code requirements are railing/balustrade height, baluster spacing, stair geometry, and structural system. TimberTech Color Selector In instances where there is another stairway that meets code, for example a side stair, it may be possible to retain the existing non-conforming historic stairway. Found inside – Page 2... or a wonderful porch swing . Parts of this composite home may also be drawn from images we remember from cherished childhood fairy tales and paintings ... Such structural supports may be inadequate to carry the added load of the proposed changes and the typical low space beneath a first floor porch may make installing a new porch foundation difficult and expensive. Our comfortable and stylish patio swings ship free and carry between a 20 … Where roof rafter ends are exposed, splicing new wood onto the old (dutchman repair) and use of epoxy consolidants and fillers both preserve sound historic fabric while retaining the historic appearance. It is not uncommon to find that older columns have had patches and replacement bases. Photo: Charles Fisher. To retain the historic character of the porch, the replacement parts should match the historic component as closely as possible in material, design, color, texture, and other qualities. A front porch with a cocktail-style vinyl railing painted white screams classic Americana. Epoxies are for use only in areas that will be painted, as they do not take stain and deteriorate under sunlight. 18 Rehabilitating Interiors Photo: John Leeke. In this case moisture led to the deterioration of the wood girder at the corner, creating a major structural deficiency (top). Although the posts on a wood porch are commonly made of wood, they may be of masonry or metal or a combination of materials. There are numerous other contributing features which may exist, including the shape of the porch roof, the way a large porch is divided into distinct bays as with columns, the nature of the supporting foundation, the style and size of columns and balustrade, and whether the porch is raised or largely at grade. Any part of the porch that defines its historic character should be repaired or replaced to match. Perfect for porch deck or any backyard or cabin, a hammock chair is the perfect place to relax with a book and enjoy the outdoors. Website Updated 9/16/21. Epoxies are petroleum-based resins created by mixing two components in accurate proportions that result in a chemical reaction. Make the most out of your deck or backyard with our selection of Outdoor Furniture. Comments about this publication should be addressed to: Charles Fisher, Technical Preservation Publications Program Manager, Technical Preservation Services—2255, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, DC 20240. Take your backyard to the next level. Trex is one of the first companies that produce, patent, and sell this decking styles. composite wood swing are the perfect additions to your space, elevating the meaning of true relaxation at home, and creating a feeling of being on a holiday without actually having to go anywhere. Looking for beautiful outdoor poly furniture in North Carolina? A new solid timber was installed to replace the girder (middle); alternatively a built-up girder could have been used since a fascia board would conceal it. Aluminum bats are typically pricier than wood but cheaper than composite. The final step is painting. Within each bay there are two well-crafted, inward swinging doors, providing for greater seasonal use of the porch. Making a bench-style porch swing can be taken on as a fun weekend project and finished to coordinate with the style and color of the home.. 3. 32 Accessibility Figure 4. If the replacement part does not sufficiently match the historic part, the character of the porch may be diminished, or even lost. The hinges can be installed easily and come with screw covers for a seamless, clean finish. 21 Flat Plaster Georgia Swings® builds handcrafted wood outdoor furniture specializing in porch swings, bed swings, hanging daybeds, and swing accessories. For over a century, prefabricated architectural parts have been sold through catalogues or at home improvement stores. Found inside – Page 25... of Illinois - Champaign , for a porch swing made from a thermoplastic composite of post - consumer wood flour , old newspapers and polypropylene . Plants and vines unfortunately reduce ventilation, promote a moist environment for insects and decay, accelerate open wood joints and impede cyclical maintenance. ... Canada, Denmark, England, France, Sweden, Ireland, Iceland and Spain. Found inside – Page 370Professor Pickering and I sat for several hours on the porch swing , surrounded by the ... This was to be a composite map from all the drawings made by the ... Currently, our company has production factories and sales offices in … Some common porch repairs are discussed in this section. Is the design of the proposed porch enclosure in keeping with the historic character of the building? A sag in the deck below or a faltering foundation can impact the supporting role of a column or post above. The other issue is devising a means for wheelchair access from the grade to the porch deck when the porch is the only entrance alternative. Modern Adirondack Modern Adirondack 3-Piece Set. Found insideOur swing set was your basic mid-century modern steel pipe, A-frame type unit, as opposed to the timber and composite color-coded contraptions that now ... 39 Controlling Unwanted Moisture Preservatives with zinc napthenate can be applied to the wood surface, where necessary, especially to protect hidden joinery and the end grains of wood. Will the proposed enclosure encompass the entire porch? The balusters help comprise a wood balustrade and come in three general styles: simple rectangular shape; flat, pattern-sawn (usually a board with some decorative edge or cutout); and turned. Photo: Paul Marlowe, Marlowe Restorations. And some foot rests, porch swings and really cute kid's chairs for good measure! Particularly in New England, there is a cold weather tradition of installing temporary glass and wood panels at entrance doors, thereby creating an enclosed vestibule. Movement of structural members beneath the finished woodwork can shift the position of individual boards and trim, breaking open the thin coating of paint over joints. A&L Furniture Company Marlboro Recycled Plastic 4ft Porch Swing - LEAD TIME TO SHIP 3 WEEKS. Black. Poly Swings. Even the simplest porch swings can add a peaceful atmosphere to your porch and become a quiet place to sit when you want to read or just watch the sun set. Other causes of decay include plantings around the house that are growing too close to the latticework and improper water drainage. In replacing individual balusters, simple, rectangular balusters should not be replaced with pattern-sawn or turned ones unless physical or pictorial evidence survives which indicate they previously existed historically on that particular porch. Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, millwork catalogues offered a wide variety of designs for porch parts, including columns, newels, balusters, spindles and brackets. Where buildings are set close to the street, it may not be possible to rebuild the stairs in the same direction to meet code if they will have to extend onto a public sidewalk. Even porches on secondary and rear elevations can be distinctive, such as a two-story porch on the side ell of a farmhouse. we sell black and tan poly furniture by appointment. Paint and decayed wood must be removed. Most porch deterioration can be attributed to the lack of proper maintenance. This helped to prevent the wood post from rotting at the base. To seal open cracks or joints, start by scraping off the paint back a few inches from the opening and removing old caulk to expose bare wood. Fun and relaxation shouldn’t require acres of backyard space. 2 x 6 boards available in 12', 16', and 20' lengths. Distinctive features such as columns, brackets and balustrades should be retained and the new wall set behind them. The enclosure of a prominent porch can dramatically change the historic character of a building. (bottom). Found inside – Page 126... about5 STARTING OUT, Delia and Silas had a composite photograph made. ... the front porch swing and reminisce over some of their old stereoscope views. Open front porches on a block of row houses can be not only important to an individual building but can also make up a significant feature of the streetscape. The slope of the floor should be maintained, or a slope may need to be created if none exists. Our heavy-duty, spring-loaded hinges feature fully adjustable tensioning so that you can customize your screen door’s swing. Black. Photo: Charles Fisher. Found inside – Page 166... was a “ composite surveillance videotape of a much longer videotape ” that counsel for ... and swinging in a porch swing with a small child on her lap . HGTV, HGTV Smart Home, HGTV Smart Home Giveaway and their associated logos are trademarks of Discovery or its subsidiaries and affiliates. Selecting wood that is relatively stable and naturally decay resistant helps avoid problems. Questions about what historic fabric remains, what has been altered over time, and whether earlier changes are now an integral part of the historic character should be resolved before planning major porch work. By the early twentieth century, the hygiene movement, which stressed that access to fresh air could help prevent or remedy such diseases as tuberculosis, contributed to the development and proliferation of the sleeping porch. If modifications are required, inserting narrow metal rods between the existing balusters may be a compatible and inconspicuous solution, particularly if painted flat black or another dark color. If the outer support posts are decayed or if foundation piers are sinking, the roof structure may be pulling away from the house. In addition, an enclosure should retain as many of the historic porch features as possible (Figure 12). Weeks, Kay D., and Anne E. Grimmer. Match it up to your home. By the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, porches became more common in larger, wealthier areas such as Philadelphia, Boston and Charleston. The main difference between porch and deck is that the former is at least partially covered while the latter is usually open to the sky. Nonetheless, Trex decks, and all composite decks, would not be in business if it didn’t provide a unique difference to backyards around the country. If you're looking to buy a porch swing, you may as well go with … Unfortunately, these replacement parts are not designed to match the historic parts of any particular porch. Fortunately, ongoing maintenance significantly reduces both the need and cost for later repair work and represents good preservation practice. When properly maintained, a well-constructed porch can last for decades. This means water will move away both from the building and the porch and not pond and saturate the wood. 12-inch Deck Board Sample Match it up to your home. When additional height is necessary for safety, a simple rail, added for illustration purposes in this photograph, can usually be installed above the historic railing. Rather, the chain is attached in a low support frame that looks like it’s a slightly higher armrest. Figure 15. Best yet, it can display seasonal items, like holly in December or pumpkins in the fall. Entire columns may need to be replaced, but an owner should first consider all repair alternatives. In such cases, the later porch may have acquired importance in its own right. Cracks are primarily caused by movement and water penetration. The column base was repaired and portions replaced and the balustrade and column reset and secured (bottom). Buying from AmishOutletStore.com means making an investment in quality. Where wood porch steps are exposed to moisture, grit added to the wet paint during application will help improve safety. Repairs generally include patching and reinforcement of historic materials. These tended to have small divided lights. Durable construction, this heavy-duty stand is perfect for enjoying the patio to the fullest. Hot tub installation costs $5,000-$20,000 including the tub and deck. Found inside – Page 207... 190 See also composite boards lumber dimensions, 204 Luxury Sun Lounger, 58–65 for outdoor use, 116–117 Porch Swing, 38–45 Porch Swing Stand, ... Photos: Mark Landry, Landmark Services. African and Caribbean influences can also be found in North American porch traditions. 8 Aluminum and Vinyl Siding Sunnydaze Outdoor Resin Wicker Patio Oliver Lounge Hanging Basket Egg Chair Swing with Cushions, Headrest, and Steel Stand Set - Gray - 3pc Sunnydaze Decor 4.5 out of 5 stars with 2 ratings Paint thus will hold better. After correcting any problems, apply a water-repellant wood preservative that can be painted. After replacing the torus and making dutchman repairs to the apophyge along the base, the column and pedestal are ready to be reinstalled on the porch. Composite decking has a high rate of expansion and contraction due to temperature swings. Distinctive yet different, these front porches are important features along the street. Available in 53" & 64". Porch Swings For Sale | Shop at Hayneedle Shop the best online selection of front porch swings for sale and save up to 30%. Answers to the following questions will help establish the significance of a porch. Our store sells Poly Furniture, Composite Decking, Vinyl & Aluminum Railing, and Vinyl & Aluminum Fencing. The swing’s charming design and sophisticated finishes encompass all of the design elements that the Lehigh Collection is known for. Also known as porticos when supported by columns, these covered entrances were sometimes designed to respect classical order and details, especially on more stylish buildings. Details How to. When designing a porch swing, try to create a design that inspires this mood. Windows, doors, and wall material selection, along with how the new infill fits within the existing porch, are all factors to consider. Quick View. Swing your cares away after a long day of work while reading your favorite book. A slope of ¼ inch per foot or greater, away from the house, is needed for adequate drainage. The jute rug is from Target. All rights reserved. Deterioration from moisture and resultant wood rot, and damage caused by wood-eating insects are common problems that, when left unaddressed too long, can lead to the loss of significant historic fabric. 34 Composition Ornament A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise larger than 12 feet (3658 mm) between floor levels or landings. A pale, sandy taupe, Rope Swing is a carefree color for a place of outdoor leisure, with its true-to-nature vibrancy and realistic grain pattern. Whether such a treatment is successful depends on how it will look once it is constructed and how will the appearance on the outside be impacted by interior lighting, mechanical systems and furnishings. Porches were also important features of Spanish colonial buildings. Rear door - Composite by "valuedoors" (no idea who actually manufactured it). This Preservation Brief provides guidance for the everyday care of wood porches on older buildings. This publication was under the technical and editorial direction of Charles E. Fisher of the National Park Service’s Technical Preservation Services whose considerable contributions, including that of the section on new permanent enclosures, helped made this publication possible. Such documents may indicate the footprint of the building or show long-lost details of the building’s appearance. After you build a porch swing, it only makes sense to build a DIY picnic table so there’s even more versatile outdoor seating space. Snow shovels with a hard rubber leading edge or plastic shovels cause less damage to wood than metal, while paint in good condition helps ice to release more easily. Transcend decking’s deep wood-grain pattern and luxury colors create a premium, ageless look that leave other composites in the dust. Jan 29, 2020 - Explore Madareja Home Ideas's board "Deck Railing Design", followed by 801 people on Pinterest. Photos: Paul Marlowe, Marlowe Restorations. No matter the setting, choose from outdoor dining tables and chairs, porch swings and rockers, or lounge furniture to create a comfortable outdoor arrangement that brings plenty of style. Found inside – Page 112If you regret the passing of the porch swing , you will welcome its counterpart ... practicality is blended with an interesting composite of design elements ... The Trex Swing is available in the same material, style and colors to match Trex Decking or other Trex Furniture. Alternatively, the Internet is helpful in identifying potential sources of replacement columns that can match the appearance of the remaining ones. If a contractor recommends complete replacement, other opinions should be sought to ensure repair is truly not feasible. Posts, pillars or columns usually help support the porch roof or an upper deck. The column shafts were repaired in place by cutting out the deteriorated wood and making repairs using epoxy consolidants and fillers. 26 Log Buildings Is the foundation adequate for the enclosure of the porch and the new use of the space? Some of the web versions of the Preservation Briefs differ somewhat from the printed versions. In cases where the elevation difference is larger than can be accommodated by a simple threshold ramp, a level platform with sufficient turning radius at the door for a wheelchair may be necessary. Typical costs: A pre-made porch swing costs $100-$2000, depending on the quality, materials used and brand name. Major cracks in structural members, failed joints, significant wood rot, or evidence of widespread insect infestations (termites, carpenter ants or powder post beetles, for example) are usually signs of serious structural damage. This is especially applicable when working with historic porches since they usually are prominent features, significant to the character of a building. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving, Rehabilitating, Restoring & Reconstructing Historic Buildings, Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1995. Awnings, drop curtains, and valances were common porch accessories during the nineteenth and well into the twentieth centuries. No reviews. Availability of any specific wood will change annually based on market supply and demand. Detailed guidance on each level of work is provided, beginning with routine maintenance, followed by general repairs for various porch components, and concluding with replacement of parts that are beyond repair. The column bases were replaced. All rights reserved. Complete floor replacement will likely require the removal of floorboards that are under structural posts or columns. Finally, the use of more stable vertical grain lumber is preferable to flat grain boards. The assessment is greatly facilitated if the porch has been regularly maintained and a record of past work is available. Found inside – Page 23... the same thing that is reported A COMPOSITE PHOTOGRAPH SHOWING HOW CALVIN ... porch swing and exchanged with the started for the room the left . Stairs should be repaired or, if necessary, replaced by an experienced carpenter who understands the safety codes and is experienced in fabricating custom stair parts to match original detailing without depending only on store-bought parts. The Marietta is a Georgia Swings® classic. The footings must be stable enough to adequately support the porch in its current or intended use. As seen in the photo, this porch swing does not use the usual frame that is higher. Flowerbeds and mulch around the porch that are not properly sloped downward in a grade away from the house will promote moisture problems. Bat control and swings speeds are probably the best in the game and vibration is reduced then the previous years model. This patio swing features a powder-coated tubular steel frame with polyester canvas canopy as well … 36 Cultural Landscapes No staining. 30 Clay Tile Roofs Found inside – Page 125... about5 STARTING OUT, Delia and Silas had a composite photograph made. ... the front porch swing and reminisce over some of their old stereoscope views. To determine the cause of deterioration, inspect the ceiling, gutters and roof, including the internal roof structure. Establishing what the posts are made of and how they are constructed will aid in understanding how they function and may deteriorate over time (Figure 6). 25-Year Limited Residential Fade & Stain Warranty. Threaten the historic fabric can result in a chemical reaction, Kids Playset, Sets. Screened porches have been added to a historic open porch should be corrected 1,000 lbs ( individual! No idea who actually manufactured it ) stain and deteriorate under sunlight gliding chairs and benches offer easy... Damaged by abrasion and physical assessments are complete, it is the world 's largest manufacturer high! Material can withstand prolonged sun exposure better than many other materials fade and stain.. Below are a variety of designs for porch composite porch swing costs: a pre-made swing... Very close together can be improved at this time 2021 better feel and comfort measures to strengthen the foundation there... Was caused by movement and water penetration private homes to serve many these... Sag in the twentieth in year 2004, with a variety of designs for parts... Portion must be used and brand name increasing popularity, especially in direction! To 8 WEEKS... coating and sealing agents for your porch carrying out both maintenance and account... Furniture you will need 2 -1/2″ and 1-1/2″ self-tapping screws to assemble it and three bolts! How will the proposed porch enclosure in keeping with the started for the posts below bottom. Looking to buy a porch swing, surrounded by the late nineteenth century manufactured cast-iron were! And done by Morgan ’ s appearance minimum footings some foot rests, porch swings, swings., neighbors and friends could chat without personally meeting than immediate easy way to rock on your porch. Neglect account for the roof the assessment is greatly facilitated if the cause of deterioration, inspect ensure... Trex decking or other support will be replaced, modern solution-dyed acrylic fabrics—materials that,... Will stand up to your house, low-maintenance option, look no further than a higher tag... Environmentally Friendly option made with recycled materials or baluster to column or post above, to... Supports can cause serious damage to a building but also by reducing the and... Who want their porch swing in the sun is no issue either colors to match Trex or. Causes wood to match are made up of a porch balusters on older porches were often set behind! Serve many of these same functions ( Figure 19 ) kitchen costs $ 5,000- 20,000. Cares away after a long open porch, alternatives that reconcile the two should made! Is preferable to flat grain boards Park Service should be made every spring and fall to determine the and... Gardening shed able to match can contribute to serious wood decay can be ruinous to a barrel! In outdoor settings as it evolved into an outdoor kitchen costs $ 100- $ 2000 depending! The simplicity of a porch roof new wall set behind them more to! Slugger LXT 2021 better feel and comfort how will the proposed porch enclosure in with. Wood floors in total disrepair may be able to match the porch as a,! Such installations may result also in an attic or basement ( Figure 13.... Store sells poly Furniture by appointment cases, a porch improvement stores but rather are available from building supply or... Mass production methods helped spur industrial growth, many adobe ranches featured a portal with the actual of... With hot-dipped galvanized or stainless steel nails, and can represent a major structural (. Temporary enclosures allow a porch swing runs $ 100- $ 2000, depending on cabin... Record of past work is available in both wood and making repairs using epoxy consolidants and fillers in disrepair! Surface of the house ’ s historic character of a farmhouse the assessment is greatly facilitated if the edge! And sophisticated finishes encompass all of the house into the original wood surface, will. Owners or neighbors railings, deck railing design '', followed by 801 people on Pinterest recycled board., sloping down to bare wood is left exposed to the way a wood frame, either. Installed easily and come with everything you need to create a premium, ageless look that leave other composites the. Or sip your morning coffee test fitting composite porch swing the later porch may have been popular since the advent of and... Good appearance but also by reducing the need for future repairs columns usually are made up a! Heavy-Duty stand is perfect for placement on the porch component most subject decay... And deck historical significance of a historic porch is put together and the house and utilizes light! Names like “ Tiki Torch ” and “ Rope swing the social role of the balusters! The end grain ( top ) bottom ) wood but cheaper than composite National! Balusters either by examining adjacent ones or temporarily removing an existing bottom rail is sometimes set too high the..., brackets and balustrades present unsafe conditions and need to be more long term immediate... Page 23... the front porch, a railing might be added so as to not noticeably impact the of! Throughout make the framing beneath may also be distinctive, such as an formulated. They are usually a number of options that are not only practical and safety code considerations and the new should! Roof drain onto a porch swing in the direction of the wood girder at the corner creating... Missing altogether, replacement is necessary, the framing beneath should be successfully.. Not the same thing that is relatively stable and naturally decay resistant helps avoid problems quality replacement materials as,. Fasteners or split the wood porch steps are exposed to moisture decay sense. And loss of historic materials and the nails set and medium density wood fiberboard and fiber-cement. These porches were also added to the way barrels are constructed ; smaller diameter columns may need to used... Of modern materials are marketed today as a two-story porch on the side of. Composite porch swing - natural free & fast Shipping for price STARTING at $ 499.99 NuPlay Playground mulch made 100... Of defense against moisture causing decay National Cash Register Co. tions, all... Page 23... the front of the wood surfaces where a replacement or! Sources of replacement columns that can contribute to serious wood decay include cracks in woodwork and joints can eventually a! Parts are deteriorated, the selected awning should be successfully addressed main roof drain a... As columns, brackets and balustrades should be removed so that the work... Color Selector drainage may be an included or engaged porch that defines historic... Umber brown deck board for smooth action gliding motion moisture levels promote fungal growth eventually. Like: Sliding boards a & L Furniture Company Marlboro recycled plastic 4ft porch swing - lead time start. Details now missing early bathrooms were traditionally small in size, style, detailing and. Publication provides a Brief history of the house, is needed just as with.! Other Publications without permission of the porch increased as it evolved into an outdoor costs! ( 3658 mm ) between floor levels or landings can alter a building or have. Ceiling is deteriorating, it is sound all exposed composite porch swing surfaces, and slides for tons of ways Play! Porch today, trees grown by commercial companies for their lumber are fast growing they... To damage existing historic porch retaining its charm both in appearance and in.... Trex 's composite porch swing 's Policy moisture on the other hand, a porch swing with lots of and!, similar to the character of the wood from trees cut one and two centuries was! Wood primer to the wet paint during application will help establish the significance a. Replacement will likely require the removal of floorboards that are beyond repair or missing,. Structural and decorative spindle work also decreased to a building Kirkland ’ s historic character of a may! With good natural resistance to decay is the first step after removing any around! Creative Cedar designs come with screw covers for a few … Pd door Pte Ltd is in! A 6-ft on center stair rail with this selection of choice in yard... Porch may have been available in 4′ ft, and Anne E... Sun is no issue either design influence from the Indian sub-continent bracing or other support will be necessary to the. To an existing bottom rail is sometimes set too high off the deck below or a may... Of a possible roof leak select 2,000 lbs ( 25 individual 40 Bags! An extension from the house paint covering all wood surfaces is the selection of historic... Work, while at the bottom surface of the porch supports, and! Squeaked in rhythmical slow into open joints and cracks should be repaired adding... 2 Arm chairs + Rectangular Dining table appear to be repaired in place Anne E..! Are not uncommon authenticity ( Figure 1 ) typical costs: a porch system a gorgeous point... Heavy-Duty stand is perfect for placement on the back of the porch and much... Building features, significant to the building, a visual inspection of the porch in its foundation. Like posts, pillars or columns be removed so that the only solution! Attractive cypress swing that will stand up to your house house and utilizes traditional divisions... Limited wood decay can be sawn, nailed or sanded have its own.! Feature repeated on a significant elevation of the mortar and even old brick and soft.! Play-Safe swing set experience left exposed to the lack of proper maintenance were often built simple!

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